SS-31

### SS-31 (Elamipretide) – Reagent Overview SS-31, a synthetic tetrapeptide (D-Arg-2',6'-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2), is a pioneering research compound known for its highly selective affinity for cardiolipin, a unique phospholipid situated exclusively within the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Structurally, SS-31 belongs to the Szeto-Schiller (SS) family of peptides, characterized by their ability to cross cellular membranes independent of membrane potential. In laboratory settings, SS-31 acts as a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant and structural stabilizer. Its primary mechanism of action involves binding to cardiolipin, which inhibits the peroxidase activity of the cytochrome c-cardiolipin complex. By sequestering cardiolipin in its functional state, SS-31 prevents the inhibition of the electron transport chain (ETC) and mitigates the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the source of mitochondrial respiration. Research applications for SS-31 are expansive, particularly in preclinical models investigating mitochondrial dysfunction, aging-related cellular decay, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Because cardiolipin is essential for maintaining the cristae structure and the assembly of respiratory supercomplexes, SS-31 is frequently used in *in-vitro* assays to study the preservation of ATP synthesis under oxidative stress. Investigators utilize this peptide to explore the pathways of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, as its stabilization of the IMM can inhibit the release of pro-apoptotic factors like cytochrome c into the cytosol. Furthermore, its role in modulating mitochondrial bioenergetics makes it a critical tool for studying metabolic syndromes and neurodegenerative cellular models in a controlled laboratory environment. **In-Vitro Laboratory Use and Handling:** SS-31 is supplied as a lyophilized powder and should be stored at -20°C for long-term stability. For experimental use, the peptide should be reconstituted in a sterile, buffered solution such as PBS or 0.9% saline. Once reconstituted, it is recommended to use the solution immediately or aliquot and store at -80°C to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, which can lead to peptide degradation. Researchers should ensure all handling occurs in an aseptic environment. *** **WARNING:** This product is intended for **LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY**. It is not for human or animal consumption, diagnostic procedures, or therapeutic use. All research must be conducted by qualified professionals in a controlled laboratory setting according to safety protocols.