MOTS-C

### MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-c) MOTS-c is a pioneering mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) that represents a paradigm shift in the understanding of retrograde signaling between mitochondria and the nuclear genome. Comprising 16 amino acids, MOTS-c is encoded within the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) rather than the nuclear DNA, specifically within the 12S ribosomal RNA locus. In laboratory settings, this peptide serves as a mitochondrial signaling hormone that translocates to the nucleus under stress conditions, where it acts as a transcription factor to modulate nuclear gene expression. Its primary mechanism of action involves the activation of the 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and the subsequent regulation of the folate-methionine cycle. Research interest in MOTS-c focuses on its capacity to enhance metabolic flexibility, promote fatty acid oxidation, and regulate glucose homeostasis at the cellular level. In vitro investigations utilize MOTS-c to explore the complex interplay of cellular energetics and proteostasis. Preclinical models have demonstrated the peptide’s role in promoting the expression of Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) and enhancing the Myostatin/Decapentaplegic (SMAD) signaling pathways. Furthermore, researchers utilize MOTS-c to study its interactions with the ARE-binding transcription factor Nrf2, which is critical for the cellular antioxidant response. By influencing the levels of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), MOTS-c acts as an endogenous metabolic regulator, making it a subject of significant interest in studies concerning cellular senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lipid metabolism pathways within musculoskeletal and adipose tissue cultures. For laboratory use, MOTS-c is typically provided as a lyophilized white powder to ensure long-term stability. It should be stored at -20°C or -80°C for extended periods. Reconstitution should be performed using sterile bacteriostatic water or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), depending on the specific requirements of the experimental protocol. Once reconstituted, it is recommended to store the solution at 4°C for short-term use (up to 7 days) or to aliquot and freeze at -20°C to minimize degradation through freeze-thaw cycles. Handling should be conducted under aseptic conditions to maintain the integrity of the peptide sequence and prevent enzymatic degradation. **This product is intended for IN-VITRO LABORATORY RESEARCH USE ONLY. It is not for human consumption or clinical application.**